In 2019, China Telecom and China Unicom forged an innovative collaboration named “5G co-construction and sharing”. This pioneering partnership involved the joint construction of a singular 5G network, allowing both operators to deploy their logical networks and tailored private networks. China achieved a milestone by establishing the world’s foremost and largest shared 5G SA network, setting the stage for widespread 5G implementations across various industries. The collaboration expanded to include their existing 4G networks. However, as the extensive cooperation unfolded, challenges surfaced, including a lack of robust technologies for streamlined data exchange and trust, inefficient mechanisms for configuration and operation alignment, and insufficient big data support for bilateral joint optimisation.