Non-Terrestrial Networks – Opportunities and Challenges

This paper explores the transformative potential of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) as a vital complement to terrestrial mobile infrastructure, particularly in bridging connectivity gaps for remote and underserved regions. With mobile subscriptions now exceeding the global population and over 95% coverage by mobile broadband networks, a significant 37% of the global population still remains offline despite being under network coverage.

NTN technologies leveraging (GEO/LEO/MEO) satellites, high-altitude platforms (HAPS), and uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) present a promising solution to overcome the limitations of terrestrial networks. The paper outlines key technical and interoperability challenges, while also emphasizing the value NTN brings across sectors such as telecom, smart mobility, IoT, agriculture, and emergency response. As standards continue to evolve NTNs are poised to support direct-to-device connectivity, enable integration with 5G and future 6G networks, and deliver more robust, resilient, and high-performance communication services worldwide.

Top five takeaways 

1. NTNs are essential to bridge the connectivity gap: Despite widespread mobile broadband coverage, 37% of the population still don’t use mobile internet access—NTNs can extend service to these users, especially in remote or underserved regions.
2. Direct-to-Device (D2D) NTN is evolving rapidly: There are three key tracks to D2D satellite connectivity—including 3GPP-compliant NTN, proprietary systems (non- 3GPP standards) using MSS spectrum, and proprietary systems using unmodified 3GPP phones.
3. Spectrum and Regulatory complexity are a major hurdle: Effective deployment of NTN depends heavily on spectrum coordination, coexistence management, and regulatory approvals, particularly where MSS and IMT bands overlap.
4. Strong MNO–SNO partnerships are critical: Collaboration between Mobile and Satellite Network Operators is essential to harmonize spectrum use, ensure interoperability, and build a device ecosystem that supports seamless satellite-terrestrial integration.
5. Technical Advancements are unlocking new capabilities: Standards are rapidly evolving to support more capabilities for NTN. 3GPP Release 19 introduces regenerative payloads and Ku-band support, enabling lower latency, better performance, and increased service resiliency.

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