Additional sub-1 GHz spectrum can significantly boost rural 4G and 5G coverage, speeds and affordability, delivering tangible benefits for rural communities and economies
9th February 2026, London: Governments and regulators can make rapid progress towards closing the rural digital divide by prioritising the allocation of additional low-band spectrum and lowering barriers to voluntary network sharing by mobile operators, according to a new GSMA report published today. Spectrum and Rural Connectivity sets out clear evidence that access to sufficient sub-1 GHz spectrum is one of the most effective tools available to improve rural network coverage, quality and affordability – and to unlock wider economic and social benefits for rural communities.
The report finds that despite significant progress in extending network coverage, rural populations remain 28% less likely to use mobile internet than their urban counterparts and 30% less likely to regularly engage in online services such as messaging, banking and education. Where connectivity is available, network quality, which relies on low bands in rural areas, remains a key barrier to greater use, limiting the ability of rural communities to fully participate in the digital economy.
GSMA Intelligence analysis shows that low-band spectrum is essential for rural networks, as its superior propagation characteristics allow signals to travel further and penetrate buildings more effectively. Rural users already rely heavily on these frequencies, spending more than twice as much time connected to low bands as urban users on both 4G and 5G networks.
Crucially, the report demonstrates a strong and measurable link between additional low-band spectrum and improved rural connectivity outcomes. Each additional 50 MHz of sub-1 GHz spectrumis associated with a 7 percentage-point increase in 4G coverage and an 11 percentage-point increase in 5G coverage in rural areas. Increased low-band spectrum availability is also linked to higher rural download speeds – improving performance by up to 8% – and reduced congestion at the cell edge, where rural users are most likely to experience connectivity challenges.
Lower spectrum costs further strengthen the business case for rural deployment. The GSMA finds that a 10 percentage-point reduction in the spectrum cost-to-revenue ratio is linked to meaningful improvements in rural networks, enabling operators to invest more in extending coverage and improving quality. Combined with policies that lower regulatory and site access costs and support voluntary network sharing, affordable access to low-band spectrum can substantially reduce the cost of rural rollout.
“Reducing the digital divide between urban and rural communities allows us to give everyone the same digital opportunities, no matter where they live” said Luciana Camargos, Head of Spectrum at the GSMA. “Our analysis shows that low-band spectrum is the foundation of rural mobile connectivity and making more available – at affordable prices and with long-term regulatory certainty – can dramatically improve rural coverage, boost speeds and reduce deployment costs. These improvements translate directly into better access to education, healthcare, financial services and new economic opportunities for rural communities. Governments and regulators have a clear chance to accelerate rural development by prioritising low-band spectrum for mobile and lowering the barriers to voluntary network sharing.”
Beyond connectivity, the report highlights the wider economic impact of improved rural mobile networks. Better coverage and quality enable greater digital participation, support productivity gains in sectors such as agriculture and transport, and strengthen local economies through improved access to markets, services and information. By reducing the rural-urban connectivity gap, policymakers can also amplify network effects that increase the overall value of connectivity for society as a whole.
The GSMA calls on governments and regulators to take targeted action to maximise the benefits of spectrum for rural connectivity, including:
- Prioritising the assignment of all low-band spectrum allocated to mobile services, to expand rural coverage and improve speeds;
- Ensuring affordable spectrum pricing, aligned with economic fundamentals, to support sustainable investment in rural networks;
- Providing long-term regulatory certainty of access to spectrum, matching the long lifespans of rural network assets; and
- Lowering barriers to voluntary network sharing and reducing regulatory costs, including planning and site access, to further improve the economics of rural deployment.
With clear evidence that spectrum policy can directly improve rural connectivity outcomes, the GSMA urges policymakers to place low-band spectrum at the centre of national strategies to close the digital divide and drive inclusive economic growth.
ENDS
About GSMA
The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobile ecosystem to discover, develop and deliver innovation foundational to positive business environments and societal change. Our vision is to unlock the full power of connectivity so that people, industry, and society thrive. Representing mobile operators and organisations across the mobile ecosystem and adjacent industries, the GSMA delivers for its members across three broad pillars: Connectivity for Good, Industry Services and Solutions, and Outreach. This activity includes advancing policy, tackling today’s biggest societal challenges, underpinning the technology and interoperability that make mobile work, and providing the world’s largest platform to convene the mobile ecosystem at the MWC and M360 series of events.
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