Independent reports and statements
Listed are over 200 reports, statements, RF-EMF standards produced by official expert national and international organisations. The consensus among experts is that there are no established health risks from exposure to low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) typically encountered in everyday life, such as those from radio transmitters and devices.
Note: Translations to English or inserted words are indicated by []. The current website is provided, where the organisation name has changed.
Index of reports and statements
Results
188
| Assessment of WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of RF-EMF. BERENIS Newsletter – Special Issue December 2025. 8 January 2026.. Despite the tremendous effort expended on the WHO-commissioned SRs, it remains impossible to draw definitive conclusions on potential health effects of RF-EMF exposure … within the established regulatory limits, it proved impossible to definitively ascertain putative health impacts of RF-EMF exposure with high confidence … | 2026 Switzerland |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Nineteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2025. Report No. 2026:03. SSM. February 2026.. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risk have been identified. | 2026 Sweden |
| Informe sobre Radiofrecuencias y Salud 2023/2025, Cáncer y radiofrecuencia: la evidencia científica más robusta revisada por la OMS, Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud (CCARS) [Radiofrequency and Health Report 2023/2025, Cancer and radiofrequency: the most robust scientific evidence reviewed by the WHO, Scientific Advisory Committee on Radiofrequencies and Health]. 2026.. [The report concludes that epidemiological evidence in humans does not show a compelling association, even though experimental evidence in laboratory animals has found a slight increase in certain types of tumors in male rats. This divergence between evidence in animals and humans is a central conclusion of the report and defines current scientific debate.] | 2026 Spain |
| [Weak radio-frequency electromagnetic fields and health effects – an umbrella review.] The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). 26 January 2026.. A comprehensive review from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) shows that electromagnetic fields from mobile phones or wireless networks do not cause adverse health effects. | 2026 Norway |
| Campos electromagnéticos y salud pública: Síntomas y radiofrecuencia: la evidencia científica más robusta revisada por la OMS Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud (CCARS) [Electromagnetic fields and public health: Symptoms and radiofrequency: the most robust scientific evidence reviewed by the WHO]. [‘A systematic analysis of studies in humans and animals concludes that there are no consistent associations between prolonged exposure to RF-EMF, whether from the use of communication devices (head exposure) or from environmental or occupational sources (whole body exposure), and the occurrence of tinnitus, migraine, headache, sleep disturbances, or composite symptom scores in the general and working population.’] (emphasis in the original) | 2026 Spain |
| WBF Expertenforum 2024, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2025.. [‘A health risk to humans from high-frequency electromagnetic radiation fields below the applicable limits appears, according to the current state of scientific findings, unlikely. However, the WBF emphasizes explicitly states that, regardless of the effects of electromagnetic fields, negative effects can also occur due to excessive use of electronic communication devices – especially in children and adolescents …’] | 2026 Austria |
| National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP): Non-ionizing Radiation. 'Research does not suggest that RF exposure to individuals living near cell phone towers causes adverse health effects.' | 2026 USA |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Nineteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2024. Report No. 2025:04. SSM. April 2025.. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risk have been identified. | 2025 Sweden |
| Electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 5.8-200 GHz – Biological effects and consequences for health. Swiss expert group on electromagnetic fields and non-ionising radiation (BERENIS) special newsletter. May 2025.. Overall, a large number of the published studies have substantial limitations, particularly concerning exposure characterisation and dosimetry, and their results do not allow any conclusions regarding causality and health impact. | 2025 Switzerland |
| Elektromagnetische Felder des Mobilfunks im Zuge des aktuellen 5G-Netzausbaus – Technische Aspekte und biologische Wirkungen im oberen Frequenzbereich (FR2, oberhalb von ca. 24 GHz) [Electromagnetic fields of mobile radio in the course of the current 5G network expansion – Technical aspects and biological effects in the upper frequency range (FR2, above approx. 24 GHz).] Opinion of the Radiation Protection Commission (Strahlenschutzkommission – SSK). October 2025.. [… the Radiation Protection Commission states that the data situation, which is not currently reliable, does not yet allow any conclusions regarding possible health-related effects of exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields in FR2 below the limit values applicable in Germany. However, the currently available data do not indicate that there are other potentially negative biological effects in FR2 than those based on thermal effects in the body tissue and are basically already known from FR1.] | 2025 Germany |
| [Eleventh report of the Federal Government on the results of research in relation to the emission reduction possibilities of the entire mobile radio technology and in relation to health effects (Eleventh Emissions Reduction Report).] Report of the Federal Government. 9 April 2025.. [Recently published results from long-term population observation studies in children and adults argue against an increased risk of cancer.] | 2025 Germany |
| Radiofréquences et cancer [Radiofrequencies and cancer], Avis de l’Anses, Rapport d’expertise collective, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail [ANSES – Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety]. October 2025.. [In these new studies, limited evidence of wave effects on cellular mechanisms and in animals has been demonstrated. However, epidemiological studies do not provide evidence on the onset of cancer in humans. Thus, taking into account all this new knowledge, associated with previous scientific data, leads to not establishing a cause-and-effect link between exposure to waves and the onset of cancers.] | 2025 France |
| WBF Expertenforum 2024, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2024.. [Based on the current study situation, the scientists at the WBF again came to the conclusion this year that a risk to human health posed by mobile communications is unlikely.] | 2024 Austria |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Eighteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2023. Report No. 2024:12. SSM. September 2024.. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risk have been identified. | 2024 Sweden |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Seventeenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2022. Report No. 2024:05. SSM. March 2024. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risk have been identified. | 2024 Sweden |
| INFORME SOBRE RADIOFRECUENCIAS Y SALUD (2020-2022), Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud (CCARS) [Report on Radiofrequencies and Health (2020-2022), Scientific Advisory Committee on Radiofrequencies and Health]. 2024.. In conclusion, this CCARS report provides a comprehensive and updated overview of RF-EMF studies and their potential effects on human health, highlighting the importance of ongoing and rigorous research. From the evaluation of the state of science and considering all the studies analysed, it can be deduced that no significant adverse effects on human health are identified, and the need to maintain constant monitoring and evaluation of all mobile telecommunications technologies, including 5G, is emphasized. | 2024 Spain |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2024 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2024]. Brussels Environmental Department. 2024.. [While the current scientific consensus generally supports the safety of 5G under existing guidelines, the evolving nature of the technology, coupled with long-term uncertainty, underscores the importance of continued research, transparent communication, and adaptive regulatory frameworks. As 5G becomes increasingly ubiquitous, it will be crucial to balance its benefits with health precautions to ensure public trust and safety.] | 2024 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2024, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2024.. [Based on the current study situation, the scientists at the WBF again came to the conclusion this year that a risk to human health posed by mobile communications is unlikely.] | 2024 Austria |
| WBF Expertenforum 2023, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2023.. [Based on the current study situation, the WBF scientists once again came to the conclusion this year that a danger to human health posed by mobile communications is considered unlikely.] | 2023 Austria |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2023 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2023]. Brussels Environmental Department. 2024.. [In conclusion, 5G does not appear to significantly increase human exposure to this frequency and exposes humans to very low levels, well below regulatory limits..] | 2023 Belgium |
| Final Opinion on the need of a revision of the annexes in the Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC and Directive 2013/35/EU. SCHEER. Adopted by written procedure on 18 April 2023.. The SCHEER acknowledges that the latest (2020) ICNIRP exposure guidelines introduce new dosimetric quantities to protect humans more effectively from emerging technological applications of RF EMF. Therefore, the SCHEER advises positively on the need of a technical revision of the annexes in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC and Directive 2013/35/EU with regard to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). | 2023 Regional |
| AVIS et RAPPORT de l’Anses relatif à l’exposition aux champs électromagnétiques liée au déploiement de la technologie « 5G ». [ANSES OPINION and REPORT on exposure to electromagnetic fields linked to the deployment of “5G” technology]. Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail [ANSES – Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety]. February 2022.. The above findings indicate that, according to current knowledge, the link between exposure to radiofrequencies and health risks for the frequencies of interest for 5G deployment is comparable to that for the frequency bands used by previous generations. | 2022 France |
| Electromagnetic fields and health. Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) fact file. 24 January 2022.. The potential health effects of exposure to fields that exceed the ICNIRP guidelines are well established. They include nerve stimulation from direct currents and thermal effects at higher frequencies, both are described in the following sections. Other effects relating to weaker fields that fall below reference levels or to newer technologies have been proposed but lack sufficient supporting scientific evidence. | 2022 UK |
| Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2022. Wellington: Ministry of Health. 28 June 2022.. While a great deal of research has investigated the potential effects of exposures to RF fields on health, particularly exposures associated with mobile phone use, it has provided no clear indications of health effects caused by exposures that comply with the limits in the New Zealand RF field exposure standard. | 2022 New Zealand |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk. Sixteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2021. Report No. 2022:16. SSM. 1 November 2022.. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risk have been identified. | 2022 Sweden |
| WBF Expertenforum 2022, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2022.. [Regarding the alleged hypersensitivity to RF-EMF, there is no evidence for the actual existence of such an individual hypersensitivity. However, the new technologies for information gathering and communication should continue to be carefully monitored. Even the mere assumption of external causes can induce discomfort in people (so-called nocebo effect).] | 2022 Austria |
| A Description of ICNIRP’S Independent, Best Practice System of Guidance on the Protection of People and the Environment from Exposure to Non-Ionizing Radiation, (ICNIRP). Health Physics, 122(5):625–628, May 2022. The statement highlights ICNIRP’s independence and presents the principle and requirements of no commercial or other vested interests. ICNIRP’s funding arrangements and collaboration with other advisory bodies and radiation protection authorities are also described. The statement also presents the types of guidance documents that are produced by ICNIRP and the general approach in assessing scientific evidence. | 2022 International |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk. Fifteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, 2020. Report No. 2021:08. SSM. 28 April 2021. No new established causal relationships between EMF exposure and health risks have been identifed. | 2021 Sweden |
| Elektromagnetische Felder des Mobilfunks im Zuge des aktuellen 5G-Netzausbaus – Technische Aspekte und biologische Wirkungen im unteren Frequenzbereich (FR1, bis ca. 7 GHz) [Electromagnetic fields of mobile communications in the course of the current 5G network expansion – Technical aspects and biological effects in the lower frequency range (FR1, up to approx. 7 GHz).] Opinion of the Radiation Protection Commission (Strahlenschutzkommission – SSK). 10 December 2021. Based on the current state of research into the biological effects of RF-EMF exposure for the FR1 frequency ranges, which are currently used for 2G, 3G and 4G, and increa-singly for 5G mobile technology in future, it can be concluded that at present there are no reliable indications of health risks for individual exposure levels below the national limits set for base stations and mobile devices in Germany. | 2021 Germany |
| Statement by Academy of Medicine Singapore on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS) or Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF), 20 April 2021. There is currently no scientific evidence to link EMF exposure with the reported symptoms of EHS/IEI-EMF. | 2021 Singapore |
| [Eleventh report of the Federal Government on the results of research in relation to the emission reduction possibilities of the entire mobile radio technology and in relation to health effects (Eleventh Emissions Reduction Report).] Report of the Federal Government. 9 April 2025.. [Eleventh report of the Federal Government on the results of research in relation to the emission reduction possibilities of the entire mobile radio technology and in relation to health effects (Eleventh Emissions Reduction Report).] Report of the Federal Government. 9 April 2025. | 2021 Germany |
| Electromagnetic emissions from mobile networks and potential effect on health – Preliminary study. Chountala and Baldini, Joint Research Centre. EUR 30586 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2021.. From the current analysis there is no evidence of an increase in the incidence of brain and other CNS cancers that was not predicted in the counterfactual synthetic time series for Austria regardless of the latency periods. | 2021 Regional |
| Radiofrequency and 5G Safety Final Report, Final Decision, Order and GD. Regulatory Authority of Bermuda. 15 April 2021.. Based on the information provided in the Introduction of this report and the conclusions of international standards and the substantial body of science underpinning them, there is no evidence of harm from 5G when exposure does not exceed the standards. It is concluded by the Advisory Panel that the radiation safety science does not support the view that 5G will be harmful to people. | 2021 Bermuda |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2021 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2018-2019]. Brussels Environmental Department. 2022.. [Overall, based on our previous report and the new studies available, there is currently no evidence that environmental RF > 3 GHz could affect health.] | 2021 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2021, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2021.. [As in previous years, no evidence of a causal link between exposure to mobile communications and cancer was reported during this reporting period.] | 2021 Austria |
| Radiation Protection Series S-1 (Rev. 1): Standard for Limiting Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields – 100 kHz to 300 GHz. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA). 25 February 2021.. It is Australian Government Policy to implement international best practice and to adopt international standards where they exist and can be applied to the Australian regulatory environment. This Standard is based on the ICNIRP (2020) recommendations for RF fields (ICNIRP 2020a). | 2021 Australia |
| Policies, guidelines, regulations and assessments of human exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields: Output Report on ITU-D Question 7/2 for the study period 2018-2021. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2021.. The use of different exposure limits in different countries has raised public concerns. Administrations are encouraged to follow the guidelines set by the science-based ICNIRP and IEEE expert groups, or limits set by their own experts. The best practice for administrations that choose to use international RF-EMF exposure limits is to limit the exposure levels to the thresholds specified in ICNIRP (2020) Guidelines. | 2021 International |
| An Assessment of Claims regarding Health Effects of 5G Mobile Telephony Networks. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). 20 May 2020.. First, unlike lower frequency fields, MMW do not penetrate beyond the outer skin layers and thus do not expose inner tissues to MMW. Second, current research indicates that overall levels of exposure to RF are unlikely to be significantly altered by 5G, and exposure will continue to originate mostly from the “uplink” signals from one’s own device (as they do now). Third, exposure levels in publicly accessible spaces will remain well below exposure limits established by international guideline and standard setting organizations, including ICNIRP and IEEE. Finally, so long as exposures remain below established guidelines, the research results to date do not support a determination that adverse health effects are associated with RF exposures, including those from 5G systems. | 2021 South Africa |
| Review of Published Literature between 2008 and 2018 of Relevance to Radiofrequency Radiation and Cancer. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). February 2020. Based on the studies that are described in detail in this report, there is insufficient evidence to support a causal association between RFR exposure and tumorigenesis. There is a lack of clear dose response relationship, a lack of consistent findings or specificity, and a lack of biological mechanistic plausibility. | 2020 USA |
| Allaying health concerns regarding 5G and exposure to radio waves. Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Guide. 13 July 2020.. The 5G technology itself, in so far as it affects radio wave exposure, is very similar to 4G and in terms of its pulsed signals, the same as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) phones and a version of 4G. As there has been no dispensation for 5G safety standards, it will have to meet the same safety standards as 4G, 3G and GSM, meaning 5G will be just as safe as 4G, 3G and GSM. (emphasis in the original) | 2020 UK |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Fourteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority), 2020:04, April 2020.. Overall, the age standardised incidence of brain tumours does not give support to any causal relationship with radio wave exposure from mobile phone use. If there is an impact, it appears to be so weak that it cannot be detected in incidence trend studies. | 2020 Sweden |
| 5G y salud. Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias de España (CCARS). February 2020.. […The frequencies used for 5G are part of what is known as a spectrum for radiocommunications where research in terms of possible health impact has been carried out for decades. To date and reviewing the existing scientific evidence, exposure to radio frequencies below the exposure limits established by the ICNIRP does not carry known health risks.] | 2020 Spain |
| Advisory report 5G and Health, Health Council of the Netherlands, september 2020.. Because the lower frequency bands for 5G (up to 3.5 GHz) have already been used for telecommunications applications and Wi Fi for years without resulting in any proven adverse health effects, the committee sees no reason to stop or restrict the use of these frequency bands. | 2020 Netherlands |
| Exploration of the exposure to electromagnetic fields from 5G systems. Small cells and massive MIMO. Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu RIVM (RIVM – National Institute for Public Health and the Environment). Report 2019-0214. 21 January 2020.. However, taken together, all the scientific research has not proved that exposure below the limits is harmful. It remains to be seen whether or not insights with regard to health effects will change. | 2020 Netherlands |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2019-2020 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2018-2019]. Brussels Environmental Department. 2020.. [From a health risk analysis perspective, it's reasonable to assume that the low frequencies of 5G (700 MHz and 3.5 GHz) will not significantly alter the current situation dominated by 3G and 4G.] | 2020 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2020, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2020.. [According to the current state of research, negative effects of mobile communications on cognitive functions can be ruled out.] | 2020 Austria |
| 5G mobile networks and health, Q&A, 27 February 2020. Provided that the overall exposure remains below international guidelines, no consequences for public health are anticipated. | 2020 International |
| IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation—COMAR Technical Information Statement: Health and safety issues concerning exposure of the general public to electromagnetic energy from 5G wireless communications networks. Bushberg et al., Health Physics. 2020.. First, unlike lower frequency fields, MMW do not penetrate beyond the outer skin layers and thus do not expose inner tissues to MMW. Second, current research indicates that overall levels of exposure to RF are unlikely to be significantly altered by 5G, and exposure will continue to originate mostly from the “uplink” signals from one’s own device (as they do now). Third, exposure levels in publicly accessible spaces will remain well below exposure limits established by international guideline and standard setting organizations, including ICNIRP and IEEE. Finally, so long as exposures remain below established guidelines, the research results to date do not support a determination that adverse health effects are associated with RF exposures, including those from 5G systems. | 2020 International |
| World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 4 February 2020.. Most of the epidemiological research does not support an association between mobile phone use and tumours occurring in the head, which is the body part with the highest exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In studies reporting positive associations, it is difficult to exclude various forms of bias, such as recall bias in retrospective exposure assessment. | 2020 International |
| Principles for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Physics, 118(5):477–482, May 2020. A biological effect is any biological, physical, or chemical change induced in a biological system. Living organisms have repair and feedback mechanisms that are designed to maintain homeostasis, the balanced situation in which a biological system can properly function. If the capacity of these compensatory mechanisms is overwhelmed or exhausted, this may result in adverse health effects. The ICNIRP guidelines are not intended to protect against biological effects as such, unless there is also an associated adverse health effect. | 2020 International |
| Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Health Physics. 118(5):483-524. May 2020. There is no evidence of adverse health effects at exposure levels below the restriction levels in the ICNIRP (1998) guidelines and no evidence of an interaction mechanism that would predict that adverse health effects could occur due to radiofrequency EMF exposure below those restriction levels. | 2020 International |
| Report and Order in the matters of ET Docket No. 03-137 (terminated), ET Docket No. 13-84 (terminated) and ET Docket No. 19-226. Federal Communications Commission. 4 December 2019. Despite requests from some to increase and others to decrease the existing limits, we believe they reflect the best available information concerning safe levels of RF exposure for workers and members of the general public, including inputs from our sister federal agencies charged with regulating safety and health and from well-established international standards. | 2019 USA |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk, Thirteenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority), 20019:08, June 2019. Overall, the age standardised incidence of brain tumours is within the annual variations which can be statistically expected and do not give support to any causal relationship with radio wave exposure from mobile phone use. | 2019 Sweden |
| Radiazioni a radiofrequenze e tumori: sintesi delle evidenze scientifiche [Radiofrequency radiation and tumors: synthesis of scientific evidence]. Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Rapporti ISTISAN 19/11. August 2019 . [Based on current epidemiological evidence, the use of mobile phones is not associated with the incidence of neoplasms in the areas most exposed to RF during voice calls. The meta-analysis of the numerous studies published in the period 1999-2017 does not reveal, in fact, increases in the risks of malignant (glioma) or benign tumors (meningioma, acoustic neuroma, salivary gland tumors) in relation to prolonged use (≥10 years ) of mobile phones…] | 2019 Italy |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2018-2019 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2018-2019]. Brussels Environmental Department. 2019.. [In conclusion, the fact that the vast majority of high-quality experimental studies do not show any adverse effects from RF exposure is reassuring in terms of public health. However, the psychosocial risks associated with the use of RF equipment require further investigation.] | 2019 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2019, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2019.. [The studies available to date show no negative influence of mobile communications on the fertility of men. It turns out that lifestyle has a high impact on fertility.] | 2019 Austria |
| ICNIRP Note: Critical Evaluation of Two Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Animal Carcinogenicity Studies Published in 2018, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation, Health Physics, Online: 27 August 2019. ICNIRP concluded that these substantial limitations preclude conclusions being drawn concerning RF EMFs and carcinogenesis. | 2019 International |
| IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz. IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety. C95.1-2019. 4 October 2019. Review of the extensive literature on electromagnetic field (EMF) biological effects revealed that electrostimulation is the dominant effect at low frequencies and that thermal effects dominate at high frequencies. Examination of the radio frequency (RF) exposure literature revealed no reproducible low-level (nonthermal) adverse health effects. Moreover, the scientific consensus is that there are no accepted theoretical mechanisms that would explain the existence of low-level adverse health effects. | 2019 International |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk – Twelfth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten [Swedish Radiation Safety Authority], May 2018.. New publications on electromagnetic hypersensitivity, EHS, could not identify physiological characteristics that may help diagnose or develop effective therapeutic options. | 2018 Sweden |
| Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-Ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2018, Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-Ionising Fields, December 2018.. Research published since the IARC classification tends to weigh against the possibility of any risk, but may just reflect the fact that exposures from the newer mobile phone technologies are much lower than those in use at the time most of the data used in the IARC evaluation was acquired. | 2018 New Zealand |
| AVIS et RAPPORT de l’Anses relatif à l’expertise sur l’hypersensibilité électromagnétique (EHS) ou intolérance environnementale idiopathique attribuée aux champs électromagnétiques (IEI-CEM) [ANSES OPINION and REPORT on the expert assessment of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) or idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF)]. Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail [ANSES – Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety]. 27 March 2018.. The analysed provocation studies (around 40) were unable to demonstrate, in a reliable and reproducible manner, the development of biological or physiological symptoms or abnormalities specific to EHS during or after exposure (to low frequencies or radiofrequencies). | 2018 France |
| Rapport du comité d’experts sur les radiations non ionisantes. 2017-2018 [Report of the Committee of Experts on non-ionizing radiation 2017-2018]. Brussels Environmental Department. 8 January 2018.. [Apart from and despite the resounding NTP study, the general conclusion remains the same as that formulated in the previous report (2015-2016) for the reasons mentioned at the time (marginal effects, inadequate studies, irrelevant exposures, etc.). This conclusion is that research is still not able to demonstrate that "normal" exposure intensities (lower than the international recommendations of the ICNIRP) can lead to harmful health effects or non-specific symptoms such as ailments, headache and dizziness. This means not that there are no effects, but that, so far, it has not yet been possible to identify and prove them with sufficient clarity.] | 2018 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2018, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2018.. [Regarding the alleged hypersensitivity to RF-EMF, there is still no consistent evidence for the actual existence of such an individual hypersensitivity.] | 2018 Austria |
| Spain Informe sobre radiofrecuencias y salud (2013-2016) [Radiofrequency and Health Report 2013-2016]. Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud (CCARS). January 2017.. [The critical analysis of the evidence indicates that no technical or health reasons exist that justify the arbitrary and discretionary imposition of more demanding exposure limits than those recommended by the WHO-ICNIRP and the European Union. The application of more restrictive limits would involve increasing the number of antennas with the consequent visual, social and economic impact.] | 2017 Spain |
| Exposition de la population aux champs électromagnétiques émis par les « compteurs communicants ». Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective. [Exposure of the public to the electromagnetic fields emitted by “smart meters”. Advice to ANSES. Expert Group Report.] updated June 2017.. [Regarding the potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by Linky smart meters using frequency bands in the range of a few tens of kilohertz, given the low levels of exposure (much lower than the regulatory limit values) found during the various measurement campaigns, no short-term health effect is expected…] | 2017 France |
| WBF Expertenforum 2017, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2017.. [With regard to hypersensitivity to RF-EMF, there was again no consistent evidence for the existence of such a clinical picture.] | 2017 Austria |
| Do low-level Electromagnetic Fields up to 300GHz harm us. Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Guide. 2016.. The absence of robust new evidence of harmful effects of EMFs in the past two years is reassuring and is consistent with our findings over the past two decades. | 2016 UK |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk – Eleventh report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority) – Including Thirteen years of electromagnetic field research monitored by SSM’s Scientific Council on EMF and health: How has the evidence changed over time?, May 2016.. Studies on symptoms confirmed previous findings pointing to an absence of association with exposure from fixed site transmitters, although nondifferential exposure misclassification remains a challenge for these studies. | 2016 Sweden |
| Mobile phones and cancer: Part 3. Update and overall conclusions from epidemiological and animal studies. Health Council of the Netherlands. publication no. 2016/06E, 1 June 2016.. The Committee feels that it is not possible to state that there is a proven association between long-term and frequent use of a mobile telephone and an increase in the risk of tumours in the brain and head and neckregion in humans. Based on the strength of the evidence it can only be concluded that such an association cannot be excluded. The Committee considers it unlikely that exposure to radiofrequency fields, which is associated with the use of mobile telephones, causes cancer. | 2016 Netherlands |
| Exposition de la population aux champs électromagnétiques émis par les « compteurs communicants ». Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective. [Exposure of the public to the electromagnetic fields emitted by “smart meters”. Advice to ANSES. Expert Group Report.] December 2016.. [In the Opinion it published today, the Agency concludes that it is unlikely that exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by either radio-frequency smart meters (gas and water) or other meters (electricity), as they are currently being deployed, would generate health effects in either the short or the long term.] | 2016 France |
| Exposition aux radiofréquences et santé des enfants, Avis de l’Anses, Rapport d’expertise collective. Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES – Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. 1 June 2016.. [Current data support the conclusion of a possible effect of radiofrequencies in children on: ● cognitive functions: the results showing acute effects are based on experimental studies whose methodology is well understood; ● well-being: these effects could however be linked to the use of the mobile phone rather than to the radio frequencies they emit | 2016 France |
| 2016 Review: Radiofrequency and Health, BC Centre for Disease Control, Canada, April 2016.. Ongoing research regarding the potential health effects of RF has not demonstrated clear evidence of impacts on cancer, reproduction, and development; however, at question is whether there are effects of aggregate and ongoing RF exposure on the population’s health. | 2016 Canada |
| Rapport du comité d'experts sur les radiations non ionisantes 2015-2016. Brussels Capital Region. 1 February 2016.. [In general, there has been no indication of an increased risk of cancer (brain tumors and other cancers of the neck and head), either in children or in adults. Research has not been able to demonstrate that 'normal' exposure intensities (under the international guidelines of ICNIRP) can lead to non-specific symptoms such as headache and dizziness. For the moment, a "nocebo" effect (a negative placebo effect) seems to be the most plausible explanation. This means that effects can arise from the simple belief that 'something' (in this case, RF radiation) can harm health. Some studies have looked at the effects in children but have found no cause for concern. There were also no convincing effects in reproduction and development, or in other areas studied.] | 2016 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2016, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2016.. [If studies were of high quality, no influence on the state of mind could be objectified. Psychological effects (such as the so-called "nocebo effect") are possible. The type of information provided influences personal risk perception.] | 2016 Austria |
| Radiation: Electromagnetic fields, WHO, 4 August 2016. In the area of biological effects and medical applications of non-ionizing radiation approximately 25,000 articles have been published over the past 30 years. Despite the feeling of some people that more research needs to be done, scientific knowledge in this area is now more extensive than for most chemicals. Based on a recent in-depth review of the scientific literature, the WHO concluded that current evidence does not confirm the existence of any health consequences from exposure to low level electromagnetic fields. However, some gaps in knowledge about biological effects exist and need further research. | 2016 International |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risk – Tenth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority) – Including Thirteen years of electromagnetic field research monitored by SSM’s Scientific Council on EMF and health: How has the evidence changed over time?, 2015:19, March 2015.. In terms of exposure from mobile phone base stations or other RF-EMF transmitters, no new evidence has become available indicating a causal link between exposure and symptoms or EHS. | 2015 Sweden |
| Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-Ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2015, Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non ionising Fields, May 2015.. Animal studies do not suggest an effect of RF fields on cancer. Analysis of brain tumour registrations in relation to numbers of cellphone subscriptions does not show any trends suggesting a link, but this could be due to long latencies, or (perhaps, more improbably) some other factor that is simultaneously acting to reduce brain tumours. Research published since the IARC classification tends to weigh against the possibility of any risk, but may just reflect the fact that exposures from the newer cellphone technologies are much lower than those in use at the time most of the data used in the IARC evaluation was acquired. | 2015 New Zealand |
| Final opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), adopted on 27 January 2015.. The previous SCENIHR Opinion concluded that there were no adverse effects on reproduction and development from RF fields at non-thermal exposure levels. The inclusion of more recent human and animal data does not change this assessment. | 2015 Regional |
| WBF Expertenforum 2016, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2015.. [If changes in behavior were found in children and adolescents after using mobile phones, these cannot necessarily be attributed to electromagnetic radiation. They are likely to be explained by psychological factors.] | 2015 Austria |
| IEEE Committee on Man And Radiation—COMAR Technical Information Statement Radiofrequency Safety and Utility Smart Meters, Bushberg et al., Health Physics, 108(3):388–391, March 2015. Based on these opinions, and considering the small RF exposure relative to national and international safety limits, COMAR concludes that RF emissions from Smart Meters should be considered to be safe. Health agencies and standards-setting bodies will continue to follow closely the developing scientific literature in this area.the developing scientific literature in this area. | 2015 International |
| Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research Programme: Report 2012. 2013.. None of the projects found any evidence that modulated signals produced different effects from the carrier frequency. When taken together with the findings from the provocation studies we supported, which also compared modulated signals with carrier frequencies, we believe that these results constitute a substantial body of evidence that modulation does not play a significant role in the interaction of radiofrequency fields with biological systems. | 2014 UK |
| Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Biological Effects Policy Advisory Group (BEPAG). Are there harmful Biological Effects of Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields at frequencies up to 300 GHz? May 2014.. In summary, the absence of robust new evidence of harmful effects of EMFs in the past two years is again reassuring and is consistent with our findings over the past two decades. | 2014 UK |
| Ninth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten (Swedish Radiation Safety Authority), March, 2014.. In line with previous studies, new research does not indicate any health risks for the general public related to exposure from radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from base stations for wireless networks, radio and TV transmitters, or wireless local data networks in schools or at home. | 2014 Sweden |
| Mobile phones and cancer. Part 2. Animal studies on carcinogenesis. Health Council of the Netherlands. publication no. 2014/22, 5 September, 2014.. The final conclusion of the Committee is therefore that, on the basis of the results of the animal studies presented in this systematic review, it is unlikely that longterm continuous or repeated exposure to RF EMF may have initiating or promoting effects on the development of cancer. | 2014 Netherlands |
| World Cancer Report 2014 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2014.. Associations between heavy use of mobile phones and certain brain cancers have been observed, but causal interpretation is controversial; more data are needed, particularly on longer-term use of mobile phones. | 2014 International |
| Review of Safety Code 6 (2013): Health Canada’s Safety Limits for Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields, An Expert Panel Report prepared at the request of the Royal Society of Canada for Health Canada, April 2014.. Therefore, the Panel has concluded that the balance of evidence at this time does not indicate negative health effects from exposure to RF energy below the limits recommended in the Safety Code. | 2014 Canada |
| Téléphonie mobile et santé avec en point d’attention la 4G, Avis du Conseil supérieur de la Santé (CSS) [Superior Health Council of Belgium], No. 8927, 1 October 2014. Published 16 December 2014.. [The Council answers in the negative to the question of knowing if the 4G systems possess particular characteristics which were not or insufficiently taken into account in the previous considerations. A modification of the previous recommendations is therefore not necessary in view of the current technological development.] | 2014 Belgium |
| WBF Expertenforum 2014, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 2014.. [According to the current state of research, effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on cognitive functions can be ruled out.] | 2014 Austria |
| Review of Radiofrequency Health Effects Research – Scientific Literature 2000-2012, Report by the ARPANSA Radiofrequency Expert Panel, TR164, March 2014.. Although the epidemiology in the past decade has improved our understanding of the limitations of exposure assessment and likely extent of RF exposure to humans, it has not progressed with any dose-response relationships regarding carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects which would warrant significant changes to the current Standard. | 2014 Australia |
| Eighth report from SSM’s Scientific Council on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten [Swedish Radiation Safety Authority], 2013:19, March 2013.. The overall data on brain tumour and mobile telephony do not indicate an effect of mobile phone use on tumour risk, especially not when taken together with national cancer incidence statistics from different countries. | 2013 Sweden |
| Informe Sobre Radiofrecuencias y Salud [Report on Radio Frequencies and Health] (2011-2012), Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud [Scientific Advisory Committee on Radio Frequencies and Health], March 2013.. [Studies carried out in the Nordic countries, Switzerland, England; United States, Taiwan and Shanghai over periods of varied extension have not found a causal relationship between cell phone use and tumors of brain cells on the basis that they have not detected increases in the incidence rates of such tumors.] | 2013 Spain |
| Mobile phones and cancer. Part 1: Epidemiology of tumours in the head. Health Council of the Netherlands. publication no. 2013/11, 3 June 2013.. Based on the available epidemiological evidence described in this report and taking into account the quality of the different studies and their strengths and weaknesses, the final conclusion from this systematic analysis is then: there is no clear and consistent evidence for an increased risk for tumours in the brain and other regions in the head in association with up to approximately 13 years use of a mobile telephone, but such risk can also not be excluded. | 2013 Netherlands |
| Non-ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monograph, volume 102, 2013.. There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of radiofrequency radiation. Positive associations have been observed between exposure to radiofrequency radiation from wireless phones and glioma, and acoustic neuroma. | 2013 International |
| Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail, [French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety] (ANSES), Radiofréquences et santé: Mise à jour de l’expertise, Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective [Radiofrequencies and health, Update of the expert appraisal]. 15 October 2013.. [Epidemiological studies published since 2009 that focus on the relationship between exposure to mobile phones and the occurrence of gliomas indicate, with a limited level of evidence, that the risk, if any, would be low for intensive users of mobile phone. To date, no mechanism of action has been identified.] | 2013 France |
| WBF Expertenforum 2013, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 4 June 2013.. [According to the current state of knowledge, disturbances of well-being caused by high-frequency electromagnetic fields of the mobile radio equipment cannot be proven. The physical distance to mobile radio transmitters alone is not a suitable parameter for determining the actual exposure.] | 2013 Austria |
| Telecommunications: Exposure and Testing Requirements for Mobile Phones Should Be Reassessed, Government Accountability Office (GAO), July 2012.. Scientific research to date has not demonstrated adverse human health effects from RF energy exposure from mobile phone use, but additional research may increase understanding of possible effects. | 2012 USA |
| Health Effects from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields – RCE 20, Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR), Health Protection Agency, April 2012. (now UKHSA). In summary, although a substantial amount of research has been conducted in this area, there is no convincing evidence that RF field exposure below guideline levels causes health effects in adults or children. | 2012 UK |
| The possible harmful biological effects of low-level electromagnetic fields of frequencies up to 300 GHz, Institution of Engineering and Technology position statement, 8 May 8, 2012.. In summary, the absence of robust new evidence of harmful effects of EMFs in the past two years is reassuring and is consistent with our findings over the past two decades. The widespread use of electricity and telecommunications has demonstrable value to society, including health benefits. BEPAG is of the opinion that these factors, along with the overall scientific evidence, should be taken into account by policy makers when considering the costs and benefits of both the implementation of precautionary approaches to public exposure and also in the development of public exposure guidelines. | 2012 UK |
| Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and risk of disease and ill health: Research during the last ten years, Swedish Council of Working Life and Social Research (FAS), 2012.. Extensive research for more than a decade has not detected anything new regarding interaction mechanisms between radiofrequency fields and the human body and has found no evidence for health risks below current exposure guidelines. While absolute certainty can never be achieved, nothing has appeared to suggest that the since long established interaction mechanism of heating would not suffice as basis for health protection. | 2012 Sweden |
| Low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic fields – an assessment of health risks and evaluation of regulatory practice, Folkehelseinstituttet [Norwegian Institute for Public Health], FHI report, 12 September 2012.. As typical exposure lies far below the ICNIRP’s recommended reference values, and since it is not scientifically proven that adverse health effects may occur after exposure under the ICNIRP reference levels, there is no reason to assume that the low typical exposure in Norway is associated with health risks. On this basis the Expert Committee considers that the general public is well protected against adverse health effects from RF exposure. | 2012 Norway |
| WBF Expertenforum 2012, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 21 May 2012.. [There are currently no studies showing a particular sensitivity of children to exposure to cell phones. Even more recent studies show no consistent evidence for increased sensitivity of children.] | 2012 Austria |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risks, Seventh Annual Rport from the Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten [Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, SSM], 2010:44, December 2010.. In conclusion, based on this and on previous studies on transmitters and cancer one cannot exclude the existence of cancer risks with certainty, but so far no scientific data indicate the existence of such a risk. | 2011 Sweden |
| Informe sobre Radiofrecuencias y Salud 2009/2010, Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud [Scientific Advisory Committee on Radio Frequencies and Health], January 2011.. Taken together, the epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to mobile phones for periods of less than 10 years in healthy adults does not constitute an additional risk of developing brain tumours. There have been no conclusive studies of exposure for longer periods and the effects over such periods need to be investigated more closely. | 2011 Spain |
| Influence of radiofrequency telecommunication signals on children’s brains. Health Council of the Netherlands. publication no. 2011/20E, 18 October 2011.. In summary, the Committee concludes that there is no cause for concern based on the knowledge about short-term effects outlined in this advisory report. Available data do not indicate that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields affect brain development or health in children. | 2011 Netherlands |
| Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, Baan et al. (IARC Working Group), The Lancet Oncology, 12(7):624-626, July 2011.. In reviewing studies that addressed the possible association between environmental exposure to RF-EMF and cancer, the Working Group found the available evidence insufficient for any conclusion…The Working Group concluded that there is “limited evidence in humans” for the carcinogenicity of RFEMF, based on positive associations between glioma and acoustic neuroma and exposure to RF-EMF from wireless phones. | 2011 International |
| WBF Expertenforum 2011, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 26 May 2011.. [After a detailed examination of the study situation and an intensive discussion, the committee unanimously determined that the level of knowledge has not changed since the last consensus conference in April 2010: a health risk from mobile communications has not yet been scientifically proven! It can therefore still be assumed that mobile communications do not pose a health risk to humans if the limit values are observed.] | 2011 Austria |
| President’s Cancer Panel (PCP) Annual Report for 2008-2009: Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk, What We Can Do Now, April 2010.. At this time, there is no evidence to support a link between cell phone use and cancer. | 2010 USA |
| Scientific review: Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency spectrum and its effects on human health, Latin American Experts Committee on High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Human Health, June 2010. Available in English, Portuguese and Spanish.. One can conclude from human experimental studies that current science-based evidence points to there being no adverse effects in humans below thermal thresholds, no hazardous influences on the well-being and health status of users and non-users of cell phones and people living near base stations, and that no convincing evidence for adverse cognitive, behavioral and neurophysiological and other physiological effects exist. | 2010 Regional |
| WBF Expertenforum 2011, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 26 May 2011.. [After a detailed examination of the study situation and an intensive discussion, the experts unanimously came to the result that, according to the current status, individual effects from mobile communications have been described, but a health hazard has not yet been scientifically proven!] | 2010 Austria |
| Note from the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) on the INTERPHONE publication, 18 May 2010.. ICNIRP therefore considers that the results of the Interphone study give no reason for alteration of the current guidelines. | 2010 International |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risks, Sixth Annual Rport from the Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields, Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten [Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, SSM], December 2009.. However, these results in combination with the negative animal data and very low exposure from transmitters make it highly unlikely that living in the vicinity of a transmitter implicates an increased risk of cancer. | 2009 Sweden |
| Informe Sobre Radiofrecuencias Y Salud (2007-2008), Comité Científico Asesor en Radiofrecuencias y Salud [Scientific Advisory Committee on Radio Frequencies and Health], January 2009.. As a whole, the national and international committees for protection against RF waves unanimously conclude that recent scientific/ technical breakthroughs do not justify changes in the present RF benchmark levels and exposure limits for the public and for workers. | 2009 Spain |
| Electromagnetic Fields: Annual Update 2008. Health Council of the Netherlands. publication no. 2009/02, 19 March 2009.. Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields produced by mobile phones may lead to subtle changes in brain activity. However, the observed effects are temporary and small and, as far as is known, have no effect on health. | 2009 Netherlands |
| A Review into the Health Impacts of Mobile Phone Masts in the Isle of Man, Council of Ministers Report, June 2009.. Scientific evidence does not support a link between a series of vague symptoms, described by members of the public and exposure to electromagnetic fields. At least some of these symptoms may be related to anxiety about the presence of new technologies. | 2009 Isle of Man |
| World Cancer Report 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008.. With reference to radio frequency, available data do not show any excess risk of brain cancer and other neoplasms associated with the use of mobile phones. | 2009 International |
| Epidemiologic Evidence on Mobile Phones and Tumor Risk: A Review. Ahlbom et al (ICNIRP Standing Committee on Epidemiology), Epidemiology 20:639–652; 2009.. Overall the studies published to date do not demonstrate an increased risk within approximately 10 years of use for any tumor of the brain or any other head tumor. | 2009 International |
| Exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields, biological effects and health consequences (100 kHz-300 GHz) – Review of the Scientific Evidence and Health Consequences. International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 2009.. Results of epidemiological studies to date give no consistent or convincing evidence of a causal relation between RF exposure and any adverse health effect. | 2009 International |
| ICNIRP Statement on the “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)”, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Physics, 97(3):257-258, September 2009.. However, it is the opinion of ICNIRP that the scientific literature published since the 1998 guidelines has provided no evidence of any adverse effects below the basic restrictions and does not necessitate an immediate revision of its guidance on limiting exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields. | 2009 International |
| COMAR Technical Information Statement: Expert Reviews on Potential Health Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields and Comments on the BioInitiative Report, Committee on Man and Radiation, Health Physics, 97(4):348-356, October 2009.. COMAR concludes that the weight of scientific evidence in the RF bioeffects literature does not support the safety limits recommended by the BioInitiative group. | 2009 International |
| Children’s health and RF EMF exposure, Wiedemann, Schutz, Borner, Berg-Beckhoff, Croft, Lerchl, Martens, Neubauer, Regel, Repacholi. Mensch Umwelt Technik, , Forschungszentrum Jülich, September 2009.. Overall, the review of the existing scientific literature does not support the assumption that children’s health is affected by RF EMF exposure from mobile phones or base stations. | 2009 Germany |
| Mise a jour de l’expertise relative aux radiofrequence, L’Agence francaise de securite sanitaire de l’environnement et du travail [French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety – Afsset], 15 October 2009.. [Evidence from available experimental research does not indicate any short-term or long-term health effects from RF exposure. Epidemiological data also do not indicate any short-term effects of RF exposure. Questions remain about the long-term effects, even if no biological mechanism analyzed currently argues in favor of this hypothesis.] | 2009 France |
| Health Effects of Exposure to EMF, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), adopted on 19 January 2009.. It is concluded from three independent lines of evidence (epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies) that exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in humans. | 2009 Regional |
| Recent Advances in Research on Radiofrequency Fields and Health: 2004–2007, Habash et al., Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, 12(4):250 – 288, April 2009. Within the last 4 yers investigators concluded that there is no clear evidence of adverse health effects associated with RF fields, although continued research is recommended to address specific areas of concern, including exposure to RF fields among children using mobile phones. | 2009 Canada |
| WBF Expertenforum 2009, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 23 April 2009.. [After a detailed examination of the study situation and intensive consultation of the numerous topics and questions, the experts unanimously came to the conclusion that mobile communications do not pose a risk to human health if the limit values are observed.] | 2009 Austria |
| Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communication, Committee on Identification of Research Needs Relating to Potential Biological or Adverse Health Effects of Wireless Communications Devices, National Research Council, 2008.. It was clear from the presentations and discussions at the workshop that a great deal of research has been accomplished to date, but sometimes with inconsistent results. This workshop, however, was not intended to evaluate health effects, and the report based on a workshop does not assess health effects or make recommendations as to how the identified research needs should be met. | 2008 USA |
| The Possible Harmful Biological Effects of Low-level Electromagnetic Fields of Frequencies up to 300 GHz,Position Statement provided by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), 2008.. In summary, the absence of robust new evidence of harmful effects of EMFs in the past two years is reassuring and is consistent with findings over the past decade. | 2008 UK |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risks: Fifth annual report from SSI’s Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields, Swedish Radiation Protection Agency, 2007, Revised edition 15 April, 2008.. Six recent [animal] studies on carcinogenicity, some with higher exposure levels than previously used, consistently report lack of carcinogenic effects, and two studies on genotoxicity report no increase in micronuclei or DNA strand breaks after RF exposure. These results are consistent with the majority of previous studies. | 2008 Sweden |
| BioInitiative Report, Health Council of the Netherlands, publication no. 2008/17E., 2 September 2008.. "In view of the way the BioInitiative report was compiled, the selective use of scientific data and the other shortcomings mentioned above, the Committee concludes that the BioInitiative report is not an objective and balanced reflection of the current state of scientific knowledge. Therefore, the report does not provide any grounds for revising the current views as to the risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields." | 2008 Netherlands |
| Ergebnisse des Deutschen Mobilfunk Forschungsprogramms (DMF) [German Mobile Telecommunication Research Programme (DMF)]: Health Risk Assessment of Mobile Communications, Final Report, June 2008.. To investigate possible impacts of a chronice exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields, long-term studies were carried outon animals, exploring the blood-brain-barrier, the induction of tinnitus, different cancers as well as reproduction and development. These studies did not yield indications of an 'athermic' impact due to high frequency electromagnetic fields. | 2008 Germany |
| Cellular/Mobile Phone Use and Intracranial Tumours, National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, September 2008.. "There is insufficient evidence to indicate a causal association between cell phone use and intracranial tumours. There is weak evidence supporting an increase in odds of glioma, acoustic neuroma, and meningioma in adults with regular, ipsilateral use for 10 years or longer. Existing findings are suggestive but preliminary because they are based on few studies with small numbers and potential biases." | 2008 Canada |
| WBF Expertenforum 2008, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 23 April 2008.. [There is no evidence that if the limits are met, there is a health hazards when using mobile communications.] | 2008 Austria |
| Mobile Telecommunications and Health Research Programme (MTHR) Report 2007, MTHR Programme Management Committee, September 2007. (now UKHSA). None of the research supported by the Programme and published so far demonstrates that biological or adverse health effects are produced by radiofrequency exposure from mobile phones. Reassuringly, no epidemiological association was found between short-term mobile phone use (less than ten years) and cancers of the brain and nervous system. | 2007 UK |
| Hochfrequente Strahlung und Gesundheit. Bewertung von wissenschaftlichen Studien im Niedrigdosisbereich [High-frequency radiation and health: Evaluation of scientific studies in the low-dose range], Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU), 2007.. No new established effects on health have been identified in the dose range below the limit level recommended by the ICNIRP, and thus below the exposure limit level specified in the ONIR. | 2007 Switzerland |
| Recent Research on EMF and Health Risks: Fourth annual report from SSI’s Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields, Swedish Radiation Protection Agency, March 2007.. Currently available evidence suggests that for adult brain tumours there is no association with mobile phone use for at least up to, say, ten years of use. For longer latency the majority of the evidence also speaks against an association, but the data are still sparse. | 2007 Sweden |
| Electromagnetic Fields: Annual Update 2006, Health Council of the Netherlands. Electromagnetic Fields Committee, publication no. 2007/06, 2007.. In the 2005 Annual Update, the Health Council provided a comprehensive overview of that research and concluded that at the basis of current scientific knowledge no long-term effects can be identified as a result of prolonged exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. There is no reason to suppose that the situation is any different with regard to UMTS. | 2007 Netherlands |
| Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 21 March 2007.. In conclusion, no health effect has been consistently demonstrated at exposure levels below the limits of ICNIRP (International Committee on Non Ionising Radiation Protection) established in 1998. However, the data base for evaluation remains limited especially for long-term low-level exposure. | 2007 Regional |
| Recent Advances in Research on Radiofrequency Fields and Health: 2001–2003, Krewski et al., Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10(4):287–318, 2007. All of the authoritative reviews completed within the last 2 yr have concluded that there is no clear evidence of adverse health effects associated with RF fields. | 2007 Canada |
| The Possible Harmful Biological Effects of Low-level Electromagnetic Fields of Frequencies up to 300 GHz, Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Position Statement, May 2006.. The Institution of Engineering and Technology – the “IET” (formerly the Institution of Electrical Engineers – the IEE) Biological Effects Policy Advisory Group on Low-level Electromagnetic Fields (the “Group”) has concluded that the balance of scientific evidence to date does not indicate that harmful effects occur in humans due to low-level exposure to electromagnetic fields (“EMF”). | 2006 UK |
| IEEE Standards for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 100 GHz, IEEE, C95.1-2005.. Further examination of the RF literature reveals no reproducible low level (non-thermal) effect that would occur even under extreme environmental exposures. The scientific consensus is that there are no accepted theoretical mechanisms that would suggest the existence of such effects. | 2006 USA |
| NIR and health protection in Switzerland: Report (April 2006) and Background Material. Federal Office of Public Health. January 2006.. [There is currently no connection between frequent cell phone use and the occurrence of brain tumors, and also the influence of radiation from cell phone antennas on the well-being of local residents (insomnia, headache and other non-specific symptoms) are scientifically not proven, but hardly investigated so far. Are still open questions regarding the postulated hypersensitivity of certain people (health impairments, which are attributed to the influence of EMF by those affected) as well as to any particular sensitivity of children.] | 2006 Switzerland |
| Environmental and Health Related Effects of the Cellular Base Station Antennas: Annex A, An advisory report by Ministry of Information Technology, 2006.. Keeping the foregoing in view and to follow a precautionary approach due to the non-conclusiveness of medical research about the detrimental health effects of radiations associated to commercial cellular mobile and WLL systems, the Ministry of IT recommends the ICNIRP guidelines of 1998 as the standards that should be satisfied by all the cellular base stations deployed in the country. | 2006 Pakistan |
| Report on Mobile Phones and Health – Mobile Phone Base Stations. The States of Jersey, Department for Health & Social Services, April 2006.. There is consensus amongst all of the expert groups who have looked at the potential for adverse health effects that the balance of evidence to date suggests that ‘exposure to Radio frequency radiation below NRPB and ICNIRP guidelines do not cause adverse health effects to the general population’. | 2006 Jersey |
| Wirkung hochfrequenter Felder auf das Genom: Genotoxizität und Genregulation (Effects of Radiofrequency Fields on the Genome: Genotoxicity and Gene Regulation), Strahlenschutzkommission (SSK), Number 62, December 2006.. The results of available studies give no indication that there is an adverse health effect on the genome by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields questioning existing exposure restrictions. | 2006 Germany |
| Mobilfunk und Kinder, Strahlenschutzkommission (SSK) [Mobile communications and children, Radiation Protection Commission], December 2006.. [After a thorough examination of all scientific requirements, it must be concluded that special protective regulations with regard to the effects of mobile communications in children are not are justified.] | 2006 Germany |
| WBF Expertenforum 2006, Wissenschaftliche Beirat Funk (WBF), 21 November 2006.. [Previous studies still do not show a clear connection between mobile communications and increased tumor incidence, especially in relation to detection of tumors in the head area.] | 2006 Austria |
| Base stations and wireless technologies, WHO Backgrounder, May 2006. From all evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short- or long-term health effects have been shown to occur from the RF signals produced by base stations. Since wireless networks produce generally lower RF signals than base stations, no adverse health effects are expected from exposure to them. | 2006 International |
| A Local Government Official’s Guide to Transmitting Antenna RF Emission Safety: Rules, Procedures, and Practical Guidance, Local and State Government Advisory Committee and the Federal Communications Commission, 2 June 2000.. The limits established in the guidelines are designed to protect the public health with a very large margin of safety. These limits have been endorsed by federal health and safety agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. | 2001 USA |
| Safety Issues Associated With Base Stations Used for Personal Wireless Communications, IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR), Technical Information Statement, September 2000.. Levels of public exposure are normally far below the recommended guidelines. Consequently, wireless base stations are not considered to present a risk to the general population including aged people, pregnant women, and children. | 2000 International |
| Measurement of SAR from Mobile Phone Terminals and Other Terminals that are Intended for Use in Close Proximity to the Side of the Head, Telecommunications Technology Committee Report, Deliberation No.118, 2000.. The values dictated by the radio-radiation protection guidelines are set to ensure human bodies exposed to EM fields with sufficient safety factors taking into consideration changes in the status of the users and environmental conditions(e.g., location of installation) of radio equipments. | 2000 Japan |
| Report On Recommendations For Limiting Human Exposure To Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic And Electromagnetic Fields In The Frequency Range From 0 Hz To 300 GHz, Ad hoc Inter-departmental Committee with Representatives of the Ministry for Transport and Communications, Ministry of Health and Ministry for Social Policy, 25 August 2000.. Although it is not possible at present to categorically exclude potential long-term adverse health effects from exposure to low-intensity RF fields, the weight of the scientific evidence to date does not support the conclusion that exposure to low-intensity RF fields has any detrimental effect on human health such as cancer, reproductive problems, congenital anomalies, psychological factors in children, headaches etc | 2000 Malta |
| GSM-base stations, Health Council of the Netherlands, No. 16E, 29 June 2000.. The chance of health problems occurring among people living and working below base stations as a result of exposure to electromagnetic fields originating from the antennas is, in the Committee's opinion, negligible. | 2000 Netherlands |
| Electromagnetic hypersensitivity and health risks from electric and magnetic fields, Swedish Council for Work Life Research, November 2000. (now Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare). The overall evaluation is that there is no scientific support for the existence of increased risks of adverse health reactions from the use of mobile phones. | 2000 Sweden |
| Mobile Phones and Health, Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP – Stewart Report), 28 April 2000. (now UKHSA). The balance of evidence to date suggests that exposures to RF radiation below NRPB and ICNIRP guidelines do not cause adverse health effects to the general population…We conclude therefore that it is not possible at present to say that exposure to RF radiation, even at levels below national guidelines, is totally without potential adverse health effects, and that the gaps in knowledge are sufficient to justify a precautionary approach. | 2000 UK |
| Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz, Safety Code 6, Health Canada, 1999.. Biological effects of RF fields at levels too low to produce significant heating have also been reviewed. These effects are not well established, nor are their implications for human health sufficiently well understood. Thus, they cannot provide a basis for making recommendation towards the restriction of human exposures to such low-intensity RF fields. | 1999 Canada |
| On the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), European Council Recommendation, 12 July 1999.. Adherence to the recommended restrictions and reference levels should provide a high level of protection as regards the established health effects that may result from exposure to electromagnetic fields… | 1999 Regional |
| Exposición Humana A Campos Electromagnéticos, Grupo de Ingeniería de Microondas y Radiocomunicaciones Cartagena, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, November 1999.. [In short, to date there is no recognised study that has proven the existence of long-term serious adverse health effects to humans, which should boost everyone's confidence, both from manufacturers and users regarding adverse effects on human health derived from the use of mobile phones and the location of base station antennas for mobile telephony in urban environments.] | 1999 Spain |
| Mobile Phones and Health, Third Report Scientific Advisory System, House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee, September 1999.. We recommend that the Government adopt the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection recommended guideline limits for microwave exposure as a precautionary measure. | 1999 UK |
| 1998 ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz): NRPB Advice on Aspects of Implementation in the UK, National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 10(2), 1999. [now UKHSA]. The NRPB Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation has reviewed evidence from epidemiological studies for an association between the incidence of childhood and adult cancers and exposure to EMFs. It can be concluded from these reviews that there is no clear evidence of adverse health effects at the levels of EMFs to which people are normally exposed. | 1999 UK |
| Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Federal Communications Commission, OET Bulletin Number 56, Fourth Edition, August 1999.. At relatively low levels of exposure to RF radiation, i.e., field intensities lower than those that would produce significant and measurable heating, the evidence for production of harmful biological effects is ambiguous and unproven. | 1999 USA |
| Opinion on possible health effects from exposure to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz- 300 GHz), Scientific Steering Committee of the European Commission, 25-26 June 1998.. As regards non-thermal exposure to EMFs, the available literature does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that long-term effects occur as a consequence of EMF exposure. Therefore any recommendation for exposure limits regarding non-thermal long-term effects cannot be made at this stage on a scientific basis. | 1998 Regional |
| Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields (up to 300 GHz), International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Physics 74(4):494-522, April 1998.. Overall, the literature on a thermal effects of AM electromagnetic fields is so complex, the validity of reported effects so poorly established, and the relevance of the effects to human health is so uncertain, that it is impossible to use this body of information as a basis for setting limits on human exposure to these fields. | 1998 International |
| Radio-Radiation Protection Guidelines for Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, Telecommunications Technology Committee Report No. 89, 24 April 1997. (Excerpts published in Measurement of SAR from Mobile Phone Terminals and Other Terminals that are Intended for Use in Close Proximity to the Side of the Head, Telecommunications Technology Council Report, Deliberation No.118, 2000.). [Radio waves emitted from various radio wave utilization equipment such as radio stations have a very weak energy distribution in the range of daily life, and no harmful biological effects occur. It is considered safe.] | 1997 Japan |
| Possible health implications of subjective symptoms and electromagnetic fields, A report prepared by a European group of experts for the European Commission, DG V, No. 19, 1997.. This review was unable to establish a relationship between low or high frequency fields and "electromagnetic hypersensitivity" or with symptoms typically occurring among such afflicted individuals. The results are often inconsistent and conflicting. Furthermore, the absence of credible mechanisms (both physical and physiological) should be noted. | 1997 Regional |
| Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (300 Hz – 300 GHz), Health Council of the Netherlands: Radiofrequency Radiation Committee, The Hague, 1997; publication no. 1997/01.. The Committee concludes that the available scientific data do not indicate that the absorption of electromagnetic energy emitted by present-day portable radiotelecommunication devices such as hand-held telephones poses a health hazard, provided that these devices are operated in a normal way. | 1997 Netherlands |
| Evaluating Compliance With FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Federal Communications Commission, OET Bulletin Number 65, August 1997.. The new guidelines are based substantially on the recommendations of those agencies, and it is the Commission's belief that they represent a consensus view of the federal agencies responsible for matters relating to public safety and health. | 1997 USA |
| Possible Health Effects Related to the Use of Radiotelephones, European Commission Expert Group, European Commission 1996. (Summary published as: Possible health effects related to the use of radiotelephones, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, AF McKinlay, 72(3-4):313-320, 1997).. Overall, the existing scientific literature encompassing toxicology, epidemiology and other data relevant to health risk assessment, while providing useful information, provides no convincing evidence that the use of radiotelephones, whether analogue or digital, poses a long-term public health hazard. | 1996 |
| Health Issues Related to the Use of Hand-Held Radiotelephones and Base Transmitters, International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Physics, 70(4):587-593, April 1996.. There is no substantive evidence that adverse health effects, including cancer, can occur in people exposed to levels at or below the limits on whole body average SAR recommended by INIRC (IRPA/INIRC 1988) or at or below the ICNIRP limits for localized SAR set out in this document. | 1996 International |
| Public Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields from High Definition Television (HDTV) Broadcasting, COMAR, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 14(5):650–651, 1995. Recommended exposure limits and guidelines have been developed by expert panels and committeees of a number of organizations, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and the International Radiation Protection Association. These guidelines were developed to protect workers and the general population from harmful exposure to RF fields. Based on present knowledge, the broad consensus of the scientific community is that prolonged exposure at or below the levels recommended in these guidelines is not considered harmful (IEEE, 1994). | 1995 International |
| Summary and Results of the April 26-27, 1993 Radiofrequency Radiation Conference. Volume 1: Analysis of Panel Discussions (60 pages) and Volume 2: Papers (119 pages). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-402-R-95-011, March 1995.. Human data are currently limited and incomplete, and in general do not indicate any obvious relationship between prolonged low-level RF radiation exposure and increased mortality or morbidity, includig cancer. | 1995 USA |
| Human Exposure to Microwaves and Other Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR), Technical Information Statement, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 14(3):336-337, May/June 1995.. The position of the IEEE-USA is that there is no cause for concern regarding the environmental levels of RFEM fields to which the general population are routinely exposed. Based on present knowledge, human exposure at or below the permissible levels recommended by the IEEE and other organizations is not harmful to human health. | 1995 International |
| CSIRO Report on the Status of Research on the Biological Effects and Safety of Electromagnetic Radiation: Telecommunications Frequencies, CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, June 1994.. Many of the biological effects of acute exposure to electromagnetic radiation are consistent with responses to induced heating of about 1°C, or more…Reports of non-thermal effects on cell and whole animal developing systems are inconsistent. | 1994 Australia |
| Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer: Supplementary Report, Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR), National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 5(2), 1994. [now UKHSA]. Experimental studies to date have failed to establish any biologically plausible mechanism whereby carcinogenic processes can be influenced by exposure to the low levels of electromagnetic fields to which the majority of people are exposed. | 1994 UK |
| Telecommunications: Status of Research on the Safety of Cellular Telephones, General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-95-32, November 1994.. Studies on exposure to low levels of radio-frequency radiation from sources other than portable cellular telephones have found biological and behavioral effects in animals and certain cell systems. However, both FDA and EPA believe that the evidence is insufficient to conclude that these effects pose a health risk to humans as a result of exposure to radio-frequency radiation from low-power sources like portable cellular telephones. | 1994 USA |
| Electromagnetic Fields (300 Hz to 300 GHz), Environmental Health Criteria No. 137, World Health Organization, 1993.. The available evidence does not confirm that RF exposure results in the induction of cancer, or causes existing cancers to progress more rapidly. Because of incompleteness and inconsistencies, the available scientific evidence is an entirely inadequate basis for recommendations of health protection guidelines. | 1993 International |
| Board Statement on Restrictions on Human Exposure to Static and Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation, National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 4(5), 1993. [now UKHSA}. It can be concluded from these reviews that there is no clear evidence of adverse health effects at the levels of electromagnetic fields to which people are normally exposed. | 1993 UK |
| A Practical Guide to the Determination of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Fields, National Council for Radiation Protection (NCRP), No. 119, 1993.. The biological effects literature does describe a number of interactions thought to be nonthermal, although in all except heating and the RF hearing phenomenon, the mechanism of interaction is unknown. | 1993 USA |
| Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer: Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR), National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 3(1), 1992. [now UKHSA]. In summary, the epidemiological findings that have been reviewed provide no firm evidence of the existence of a carcinogenic hazard from exposure of paternal gonads, the fetus, children, or adults to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields that might be associated with residence near major sources of electricity supply, the use of electrical appliances, or work in the electrical, electronic, and telecommunications industries. | 1992 UK |
| IEEE Standards for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 100 GHz, IEEE, C95.1-1991. . No verified reports exist of injury to human beings or of adverse effects on the health of human beings who have been exposed to electromagnetic fields within the limits of frequency and SAR specified by previous ANSI standards, including ANSI C95.1-1982. | 1991 USA |
| Radio-Radiation Protection Guidelines for Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, Telecommunications Technology Committee Report No. 38, 25 June 1990. (Excerpts published in Measurement of SAR from Mobile Phone Terminals and Other Terminals that are Intended for Use in Close Proximity to the Side of the Head, Telecommunications Technology Committee Report, Deliberation No.118, 2000.). [It is believed that due to this guideline value sufficient protection is provided against the effects of heat generated by exposing the entire human body to electromagnetic fields.] | 1990 Japan |
| Guidelines on Limits of Exposue to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz, International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC-IRPA), Health Physics, 54(1):115-123, January 1988.. The limits in these guidelines were based on the scientific data and no consideration was given to economic impact or other non-scientific priorities. Howevre, from presently available knowledge, the limits should provide a safe, healthy working or living environment from exposure to RF radiation under all normal circumstances. | 1988 International |
| Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, National Council for Radiation Protection (NCRP), No. 86, 1986.. In the frequency range of primary interest, i.e., 30 to 300 MHz, and also at higher frequencies in the microwave bands, a review of the previous sections indicates that behavioral disruption … appears to be the most statistically significant end point that occurs at the lowest observed SAR. | 1986 USA |
| Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation, J.A. Elder and D.F. Cahill, editors. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/8-83-026F, 268 pages, September 1984.. The existing database provides sufficient evidence about the relation between RF-radiation exposure and biological effects to permit development of exposure limits to protect the health of the general public. | 1984 USA |
| Interim Guidelines on Limits of Exposue to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz to 300 GHz, International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC-IRPA), Health Physics, 46(4):975-984, April 1984.. The limits in these guidelines were based on the scientific data and no consideration was given to economic impact or other non-scientific priorities. However, from presently available knowledge, the limits should provide a safe, healthy working or living environment from exposure to RF radiation under all normal circumstances. | 1984 International |
| Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 300 kHz to 100 GHz, American National Standard Institute (ANSI), C95.1, 1982. . The radio frequency protection guide, therefore, has been based on the best available interpretations of the literature and is intended to eliminate adverse effects on the functioning of the human body. | 1982 USA |
| Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields—Properties, Quantities and Units, Biophysical Interaction, and Measurements, National Council for Radiation Protection (NCRP), No. 67, 1981.. The concept of specific absorption rate, expressed in W/kg, has proved reliable in quantifying thresholds of reactions of mammals to RF electromagnetic radiation. | 1981 USA |
| Radiofrequency and Microwaves, Environmental Health Criteria No. 16, World Health Organization, 1981.. Experimental results indicate that most reported effects can be explained on the basis of microwave-induced, nonuniform heating. | 1981 International |
| Recommended Permissible Levels for Exposure to Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation (10MHz to 300 GHz) – A Proposal,Australian Radiation Laboratory (ARL) [now Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)], TR009, March 1979. [now ARPANSA]. A great deal of controversey exists regarding the possibility of other biologically significant interaction mechanisms. However, non-thermal effects, if present are unlikely to produce any sigificant biological effects in relation to the thermal effects produced by the majority of existing microwave equipment… | 1979 Australia |
| The biological effects of microwave radiation – a review, Australian Radiation Laboratory (ARL) [now Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)], TR002, August 1978. [now ARPANSA]. A number of mechanisms by which non-thermal effects may occur in biological materials have been postulated. However, there is no clear evidence for the existence of non-thermal effects. | 1978 Australia |